We no longer need to ask ourselves whether climate change is happening and whether it is caused by human activity. Instead, we should ask ourselves: ‘What can I do right now?’

It turns out, quite a bit.

• What should humanity do first?

The main goal is to reduce the use of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas, and replace them with renewable and environmentally friendly sources of energy, while increasing energy efficiency.

The number one goal is to replace fossil fuels with renewable sources of energy.

The path to this goal involves daily decisions such as reducing car trips and air travel, switching to a “green” energy provider, and making changes in diet and food choices.

It seems that the problem of global warming won’t disappear if a few conscious individuals start buying eco-friendly products or switch to bicycles.

However, many experts agree that such decisions are important—they influence the behavior of our acquaintances, compelling them to change their way of life sooner or later.

• Can I influence changes in production methods and subsidies for industries?

Yes, it is possible. By exercising our rights as citizens and consumers, we can pressure the government and corporations and demand necessary systemic changes.

Another way that universities, religious groups, and lately, at the national level, have begun to actively use is influencing financial institutions.

It involves divesting from fossil fuel producers’ stocks or disregarding banks that invest in industries with high emission levels.

• What else can be changed in our daily lives?

A 2017 study, conducted in collaboration with Associate Professor Kimberly Nicholas, assessed the effectiveness of 148 actions that each individual can take daily.

At the top was the refusal of car trips.

Compared to walking, cycling, or using public transportation, the car significantly pollutes the environment.

According to one ranking, giving up car trips is the most effective measure an individual can take.

In industrialized countries such as the EU, refusing car trips reduces CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by 2.5 tonnes—about a quarter of the average per capita emissions (9.2 tonnes), as stated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

• But aren’t renewable energy sources too expensive?

In reality, renewable energy sources like wind and solar are becoming increasingly cheaper worldwide (although final costs depend on local conditions).

Solar energy is the cheapest source of electricity for many households in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

In the UK, offshore wind and solar energy are successfully competing with gas and will become the cheapest source of electricity production by 2025.

Some critics argue that these prices do not account for the costs of integrating renewable energy sources into the power system—but recent data indicate that these costs are quite moderate and generally accessible.

• Can I influence the situation by changing my diet?

This is an important factor. In fact, after fossil fuels, the food industry, particularly the meat and dairy sector, is one of the main reasons for climate change. If the large ruminant livestock were a separate country, it would be the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world after China and the USA.

The meat industry contributes to global warming in three main ways.

Firstly, the belching that occurs in cows during the digestion process releases a lot of methane, which is a greenhouse gas. Secondly, feeding them corn and soy makes the process inefficient.

And finally, they also require a large amount of water and fertilizers, which emit greenhouse gases. They also require lands often obtained by deforestation — another cause of carbon emissions.

Actually, to change the situation, it’s not necessary to immediately become a vegetarian or vegan.

Simply reducing the amount of meat consumption is sufficient.

If animal protein in your diet is reduced by half, you can decrease your “carbon footprint” (activity leading to harmful gas emissions in the atmosphere) by over 40%.

• Do flights really cause such harm?

Planes operate on fossil fuels, and as of yet, there is no effective alternative to this.

Although some attempts to use solar panels for long-haul flights have been successful, discussing commercial flights powered by solar energy is premature.

According to Kimberly Nicholas’s research, a standard transatlantic round trip causes emissions of about 1.6 tons of CO2. This is equivalent to the annual emissions of one person in India.

And it highlights the inequality in the issue of climate change: although a relatively small population flies, and even fewer do so less frequently, everyone will suffer from the ecological consequences.

There are already numerous groups of scientists and public representatives who refuse air travel or at least reduce its frequency. Solutions include virtual conferences and meetings, vacations at local resorts, and traveling by train instead of by plane.

If you want to know to what extent your flights affect climate change, use the calculator developed by researchers from the University of California, Berkeley.

• Does it matter what I buy in stores?

Yes, because almost everything we buy causes emissions of harmful gases either during production or during transportation.

For example, about 3% of global CO2 emissions come from clothing production, mainly due to energy use in manufacturing. Fast-changing fashion and low-quality items contribute to rapid disposal and new purchases.

International goods transportation, by sea or air, also causes harm.

Food shipped from Chile and Australia to Europe, or vice versa, incurs more “food miles” (meaning a longer distance from “farm to table”) and therefore leaves a larger carbon footprint than local produce.

But this isn’t always the case, as the cultivation of off-season vegetables and fruits in energy-intensive greenhouses also causes atmospheric emissions.

The best option is seasonal food grown nearby. Although vegetarian dieting still prevails in terms of eco-friendliness.

• Does the number of children in my family matter?

Kimberly Nicholas’s research showed that fewer children in a family contribute to lower emissions, reducing them by almost 60 tons per year. But this is a rather controversial conclusion.

On the one hand, are you responsible for the climate changes your children’s lives will bring, on the other hand, the place of children’s birth plays a significant role.

If we are responsible for the ecological impact of our children, then do our parents bear responsibility for our actions? And what about every individual’s right to have children?

Perhaps the question should not be about the number of children but about raising the next generation as conscious and responsible individuals capable of solving environmental problems.

These are complex, philosophical questions, and we will not attempt to answer them here.

• Alright, I eat less meat and fly less, but others aren’t going to do the same. So what difference does it make?

Sociologists have found that when one person chooses a more ecological lifestyle, others tend to follow their example.

This is evidenced by the conclusions of four studies:

Customers in an American café, told that 30% of Americans have started eating less meat, were twice as likely to order a vegetarian lunch.

In an online survey, half of the respondents said they started flying less after someone they knew gave up air travel due to climate change.

Residents in California were more likely to install solar panels if their neighbors had them.

Active community members found it easier to persuade people to install solar panels if they had them in their homes.

Sociologists explain this by stating that we constantly compare our lifestyle with the actions of those around us and form our coordinates based on them.

• What if I can’t reduce the number of flights or give up my car?

If you can’t change your lifestyle, an option might be to contribute to a reliable ecological project.

This doesn’t mean that you’re absolving yourself of responsibility but provides you with another way to compensate for the negative consequences of your actions on the planet.

The UN Climate Convention’s website provides information on dozens of such projects worldwide. To figure out how much emissions you need to compensate for, use their convenient calculator.

No matter who you are, whether a farmer on a coffee plantation in Colombia or a homeowner in California, climate changes will impact your life.

But it’s also true that your actions will affect the planet in the coming decades, for better or for worse. The decision is yours!

Source: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/vert-fut-46116443

Craftsmanship in Ukraine has a long history, spanning hundreds of years. Ukrainian folk masters were known for creating a wide range of items, such as embroidery, knitting, ceramics, wooden crafts, weaving, and many others. Each region of Ukraine has its distinct crafting traditions and ornaments that make each item unique.

One of the most popular forms of Ukrainian craftsmanship is embroidery. Ukrainian embroidery is renowned for its beauty and symbolism. Each embroidered pattern carries its own meaning and can tell the story of a family, region, or even religious beliefs. Embroidered shirts, dresses, tablecloths, and towels are an integral part of Ukrainian life and rituals.

Ceramics also hold a special place in Ukrainian craftsmanship. Masters create a variety of clay items, including pitchers, plates, jugs, and other vessels. Traditional Ukrainian ceramics are often decorated with colorful patterns and images of plants and animals.

Another important branch of Ukrainian craftsmanship is weaving. Ukrainian weavers produce exquisite items like carpets, blankets, and towels. Weaving in Ukraine also has its own unique traditions and ornaments that give the items a distinctive national flavor.

In the modern world, Ukrainian craftsmanship is experiencing a significant revival. Craftsmen are starting to incorporate modern materials and techniques while preserving the spirit and traditions of Ukrainian craftsmanship. Many people are learning crafts to preserve this unique aspect of Ukrainian culture for future generations.

Craftsmanship in Ukrainian culture is not only art but also a heritage that is preserved and passed on from generation to generation. This tradition is marked by its richness and diversity, and it continues to leave its mark on the modern world, adding color and beauty to Ukrainian culture.

However, the pioneers include the following figures.

Vasyl and Fedir Krychevsky

These native brothers were exceptionally talented, engaging in painting, book graphics, industrial design, and experimenting with styles. Vasyl was one of the founders of Ukrainian Art Nouveau (the Zemstvo House in Poltava, 1908), creating sketches for ceramics and carpet design, overseeing the artistic aspects of several films. He was the creator of the first sketches of the Ukrainian coat of arms using Prince Volodymyr’s trident. His younger brother Fedir focused on painting, and his monumental triptych “Life” from 1927 is an example of the combination of Art Nouveau and Art Deco, incorporating elements of Ukrainian religious painting.

Kazimir Malevich

He founded Suprematism, the highest manifestation of breaking away from realism in painting. Color, form, texture, movement – these are the main elements of this geometric abstract art movement. His iconic work is the “Black Square” from 1915 – powerful, concise, and profound, like a black hole.

Georgy Narbut

He represents the high Ukrainian style, in his works Ukraine ceased to be called “Little Russia.” Narbut’s work includes exquisite book graphics, intricate lines, and craftsmanship. He designed magazine covers, silhouette portraits, watercolors, coats of arms, banknotes, and stamps for the Ukrainian state in 1918. In 1918, he created a new identity for his young state – designing money, stamps, seals, and coat of arms.

Kateryna Bilokur

A naive artist who spent her entire life in the village of Bohdanivka in Kyiv region. Her parents and fellow villagers considered painting unsuitable for a woman, which drove her to attempt suicide. Like many Soviet peasants, she didn’t have a passport and was attached to a collective farm. The authorities found it convenient to portray her as a “peasant artist,” even though the intricacy, color palette, and play of light in her paintings are impressive. She made her own brushes from cat and cow hair, as well as cherry twigs. She applied each stroke to her paintings as if she were embroidering and stretched the canvas on a frame, like embroidery hoops.

Maria Prymachenko

Another naive artist who lived her entire life in the village of Bilotyne in the Kyiv region. She created over 800 graphic sheets with unique images of fantastical animals, birds, reptiles, and original floral and genre compositions.

Oleksandra Ekster

One of the main experimenters in stage design at the beginning of the 20th century, she transformed the approach to body movement and the role of lighting on the theatrical stage. She began to utilize the entire stage space, not just the floor, developed constructions for performances on multiple levels, like the Ukrainian nativity scene, and used bright, contrasting colors in costumes, borrowing this principle from Ukrainian folk painting. During World War I, she established one of the first private schools in Kyiv to teach children and adults the principles of cubo-futurist representation.

Maria Zankovetska

A Ukrainian actress passionately dedicated to the theater, she became famous for her leading female roles and played a significant role in the early development of Ukrainian realistic theater in the 19th century. She successfully portrayed the main female characters in plays based on classical works by Karpenko-Kary, Staritsky, Kotliarevsky, Kropyvnytsky, Shevchenko, and performed in the first professional theater groups. The Ukrainian artistic elite gathered around her, and Ukrainian playwrights specifically wrote their works for her.

The Ukrainian language preserves the traces of pivotal points in national history. The earliest written records of the Ukrainian language bear witness to its millennia-long history and development. Ukrainian language embodies a rich spectrum of cultural expressions. Literature, poetry, music, and other artistic manifestations in the Ukrainian language contribute to the revelation of profound cultural values.

The works of eminent poets are undoubtedly correlated with the times they lived in. For instance, Taras Shevchenko opposed serfdom, social inequality, and political repression. His collection “Kobzar” contains prophetic words and valuable guidance that remain relevant to this day. Vasil Stus became a symbol of the struggle for freedom and truth for the Ukrainian people during the Soviet period.

Ukraine boasts a rich literary heritage thanks to many influential figures. Ukrainian writers made a significant contribution to preserving their native language, as many of them wrote during times when Ukrainian was forbidden.

Therefore, let us respect each of them and remember these important words…

“To fight means to live!” – Ivan Franko

“People are not just what they hear with their ears; people are what touches their souls.” – Lina Kostenko

“We are still trying to cure the atrophy of bodies, but we are indifferent to the progressing atrophy of souls.” – Vasyl Stus

“The most beautiful mother is happy, the sweetest beloved lips, the purest soul is loyal, the most complex person is simple.” – Vasyl Symonenko

“Love arises from love; when I want to be loved, I love first.” – Hryhoriy Skovoroda

“Language grows elementary, along with the soul of the people.” – Ivan Franko

It’s also worth mentioning the name of Oleksandr Dovzhenko, who became a central figure in Ukrainian cinema. His films, such as “Zvenyhora,” “Arsenal,” and “Earth,” gave rise to a new direction in cinema – “Ukrainian poetic cinema.” The latter of these films made it into the top 12 films of all time and nations, as determined by a survey at the Fifth World Exhibition in Brussels in 1958.

In 2005, Ukraine won its first “Golden Palm” at the Cannes International Film Festival with the short film “The Journey” directed by Igor Strembitsky.

In 2014, the premiere of the film “The Tribe” took place, which became the world’s first film without words, where sign language became the primary means of communication. The film was released in theatres in dozens of countries. It was presented at over 100 film festivals worldwide, receiving over 40 awards, including the European Film Award and three prizes at the Cannes Film Festival.

Over more than one hundred years of Ukrainian cinema history, there have been numerous developments and milestones, and today our film industry is recognized and respected worldwide. May this history continue to flourish, bringing us new and unforgettable masterpieces of cinematic art.

Folk Music
Ukrainian music history spans millennia. It is here that musical instruments like the bandura, kobza, and lyre were born and developed, becoming symbols of Ukrainian culture. Folk singers and talented musicians conveyed shared values and history through songs sung at celebrations, weddings, and other events. These folk songs became symbols of unity and resilience for the Ukrainian people.

Classical Music
One of the outstanding composers who made a significant contribution to Ukrainian musical heritage was Mykola Lysenko, whose undeniable opus magnum is ‘Shchedryk.’ In January 1919, another brilliant conductor, Oleksandr Koshyts, organized the Ukrainian Republican Orchestra in Kyiv at the behest of Symon Petliura, which was later sent abroad by the Ukrainian government in March 1919 to promote Ukrainian musical art. Over several years, the orchestra toured Western European countries, the USA, Brazil, Argentina, and Cuba. After the orchestra’s performances at Carnegie Hall in New York, ‘Shchedryk’ became the world’s most popular Christmas melody.

Ukrainian Pop Music
Overall, Ukrainian music in the 1960s and 70s went through challenging times due to Soviet censorship, and artists had to conform to the regime to have the right to create. However, despite the difficulties for Ukrainian singers and composers, these years laid the foundation for Ukraine’s pop music. Some of the pioneers of Ukrainian pop music include Nazariy Yaremchuk, Volodymyr Ivasyuk, Vasil Zinkevych, and others.

Contemporary Artists and Bands
Today, the Ukrainian music scene is rich with talented performers and bands. ‘Okean Elzy,’ ‘DakhaBrakha,’ ‘The HARDKISS,’ Ruslana, Jamala, and others captivate audiences with their songs and showcase our identity to the world.
Ukraine’s musical heritage is an endless source of inspiration and pride for our country. Music has become one of the key features of Ukraine’s cultural heritage and inspires new generations to create new melodies and stories.

Some exceptional cultural objects and outstanding examples of architectural solutions from specific periods have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra: a monastery complex of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church founded in 1051. For a long time, the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery was one of the most significant Christian cultural and pilgrimage centers in the world.

St. Sophia’s Cathedral, constructed by Prince Yaroslav the Wise in the 11th century shortly after the Christianization of Rus. This sanctuary symbolized the establishment of Kyiv as the capital of a Christian principality and, until the 13th century, was the main church of Rus. It is one of the key architectural and monumental art landmarks of the early 11th century, influencing the design and decoration of churches in Kyivan Rus and later Eastern Europe.

Struve Geodetic Arc: Based on measurements of the arc of the 25th meridian, the Earth’s dimensions and shape were almost precisely determined. These results were used until the end of the 20th century, with further improvements only possible through modern satellite and computer research.

The Residence of the Metropolitans of Bukovina and Dalmatia: The center of the Bukovinian Orthodox Metropolitanate during the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This residence serves as an example of 19th-century architecture, design, and planning. Its buildings, constructed in an eclectic style, combine elements of architecture and art from various ethnic groups residing in the region. The residence reflects the cultural identity of the Orthodox Church in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Ancient City of Chersonesus Taurica and its Chora: Chersonesus Taurica was a significant political and economic center of the Northern Black Sea region, facilitating cultural exchange between the Greek, Roman, Byzantine Empires, and the populations north of the Black Sea. It played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity in Southeastern Europe.

These are just a few examples of Ukrainian architectural landmarks, and our country has many other unique and fascinating architectural structures and monuments. The primary task now is to preserve our cultural heritage.